The semiconductor industry is undergoing continuous transformation as demand rises for faster, smaller, and more energy-efficient integrated circuits. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, 5G communication, automotive electronics, and high-performance computing rely heavily on advanced chip design. At the center of these innovations is VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration), a di... https://demat23106.nico-wiki.com/2108326/understanding_the_physical_design_perspective_in_modern_vlsi_education